Synthesising Benzocaine via Reflux with a Condenser

Incorporating Benzocaine through Reflux with a Condenser Blend and characterisation of benzocaine analyze down to earth report Point: The examination was to combine benzocaine by means of reflux with a condenser and was described by analyzing at the infra-red range and concoction movements of NMR. Presentation: Benzocaine has a place with an assortment of prescription recognized as neighborhood sedatives and for the most part devoured as a topical torment reliever. Its system of activity is to forestall nerve conduction when applied locally in fitting fixation to nerve tissues. The principle advantage of neighborhood sedatives is that it doesn't make obviousness the patient and its activity could be reversible. The utilization of neighborhood sedatives presents total tissue recuperation with no changeless harm. The aim of the analysis was to integrate benzocaine, an ester, from 4-aminobenzoic corrosive, a carboxylic corrosive, by Fischer Esterification. The system in figure 1 was to joined 4-aminobenzoic corrosive and ethanol in a reflux response with the expansion of sulphuric corrosive as an impetus to deliver the item. Figure 1 Technique: In week one of the analysis, 4-aminobenzoic corrosive (3.0g), methylated spirits (20cm3) and concentrated sulphuric corrosive (3.0ml) was added to a dry round base carafe (100cm3). A condenser was then positioned onto the jar. Next, the blend was set on a warming mantle and the reflux response was done for thirty minutes. A short time later, the response blend was chilled off to room temperature and the condenser was evacuated. The blend was delicately mixed with a glass bar while sodium hydroxide arrangement 20 % (20cm3) was included gradually until the blend has arrived at nonpartisan utilizing pieces of pH paper. Thusly, empty the substance into a measuring utencil containing 70cm3 of ice and wash the carafe with new refined water into the recepticle until the limit is 150cm3. A Buchner pipe was then utilized in vacuum filtration to disconnect the item. In conclusion the item was moved to a watch glass and dried in the stove for 15 minutes. In week two the trial was reh ashed, then again, isopropyl liquor was utilized rather than methylated spirits. Results: Rate Yield = (Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) x 100 first week’s rate yield C7H7NO2= 127 + 7 + 14 + 32= 137g/mol C2H5OH= 24 + 5 + 16 + 1= 46 g/mol C9H11NO2= 108 + 11 + 14 + 32 = 165g/mol first step: 3g isolate 137 g/mol = 0.0219mol à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸ constraining reagent second step: 0.789g/ml of methylated soul x 20ml (utilized) = 15.78g third step: 15.78g partition 46g/mol = 0.343mol fourth step: 0.0219mol x 165g/mol = 3.6135g hypothetical mass of benzocaine First week’s item mass (benzocaine): 2.28grams Rate yield: 2.28g/3.6135g= 0.63 x 100 = 63% second week’s rate yield C7H7NO2= 127 + 7 + 14 + 32 = 137g/mol C2H5OH= 24 + 5 + 16 + 1= 46g/mol C10H13NO2= 179g/mol first step: 3g isolate 137g/mol= 0.0219mol à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸ constraining reagent second step: 0.786g/ml of Isopropyl liquor x 20ml (utilized) = 15.72g third step: 15.72g partition 46g/mol = 0.342mol fourth step: 0.0219mol x 179g/mol = 3.92g hypothetical mass of Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate Second week’s item mass (Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate): 0.29grams Rate yield: 0.29g/3.92g= 7.4% Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (benzocaine) first week’s item Investigation liquefying point: 92-96 degrees Celsius Reference dissolving point: 80-90 degrees Celsius Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate second week’s item Test dissolving point: 83-85 degrees Celsius Reference dissolving point: 84 degrees Celsius 13Carbon-NMR4-aminobenzoic corrosive: Benzocaine: H-NMR 4-aminobenzoic corrosive: Benzocaine: Infrared Analysis (Benzocaine) Week 1 item: (Isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate) Week 2 item: DEPT-135 NMR 4-aminobenzoic corrosive Benzocaine Conversation of results: In the trial, the last debut of the two items has all the earmarks of being crystalline like powders subsequent to drying them in the stove. The main item (benzocaine) liquefying point seems, by all accounts, to be 92-96 degrees Celsius and contrast with the hypothetical worth, it was viewed as high. Then again, the subsequent item (isopropyl 4-aminobenzoic corrosive) dissolving point was 83-85 degrees Celsius and contrast with the hypothetical worth, it was inside the range. Because of the way that the primary item has a higher liquefying point, it is viewed as that example was warmed too quick utilizing the warming mechanical assembly or the period the item was in the broiler may have been too short in this manner overabundance water are caught in the item causing additional hydrogen holding in the particle, thus higher vitality was expected to break the bonds. Softening point exactness delineates immaculateness of the item consequently the shorter the scope of liquefying point infers a profitable combination. Moreover, the mass was acquired as the real yield from benzocaine and isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate to ascertain the rate yield. The hypothetical yield of benzocaine was 3.6135grams and the mass got in the investigation was 2.28grams, giving a rate yield of 63 %. This is a high rate yield, speaking to a gainful amalgamation. Then again, in the second investigation the hypothetical yield was 3.92 grams and the mass got in the trial was 0.29grams, giving a rate yield of 7.4 %. This is a moderately low yield, speaking to a poor amalgamation. This disappointment union may have been because of a few blunders including mistaken instrumental taking care of procedures, loss of item because of a few transferences, wrong estimation of assets, and not scratching the whole item out of the Buchner channel. (4-aminobenzoic corrosive) (Benzocaine) In H-NMR, 4-aminobenzoic corrosive and benzocaine was recognized. By taking a gander at 4-aminobenzoic corrosive, there were 5 particular pinnacles speaking to 5 unmistakable proton environments accessible in the particle. Anyway the structure of benzocaine, the H-NMR recognizes 6 unmistakable pinnacles speaking to 6 particular proton environments. By watching the tops in the two particles, comparable singlet tops were found. The singlet top for 4-aminobenzoic corrosive was 5.7747ppm and benzocaine was 4.0609ppm.Both singlet bunches were viewed as amine bunches since the 2 hydrogen associated with the nitrogen (pink) makes a similar domain along these lines just 1 pinnacle was found. In the two atoms, the amine bunch is considered as an electron giving gathering since it shields the hydrogen on the adjoining carbons (blue) in the fragrant ring. This protecting causes the hydrogen on the adjoining carbons (blue) to have a lower synthetic move in the range than the hydrogen on different carbons (red) in the sweet-smelling ring. Besides, the hydrogen on different carbons (red) has a higher substance move because of the nearby separation with the carbonyl gathering. The carbonyl gathering is electronegative in this way moving them at a lower attractive field. There is an unmistakable pinnacle showed up in 4-aminobenzoic corrosive range, indicating a concoction move of 12 ppm which is viewed as a component of the hydrogen of the â€COOH (light blue). As benzocaine has a more drawn out chain contrasted with 4-aminobenzoic corrosive, further perception was required. In benzocaine a pinnacle was found at about 4.2907ppm-4.3441ppm and has a parting example of group of four. A group of four shows that it had 3 adjoining hydrogen molecules hence it is identified with CH2 (green). Besides, another pinnacle was found at about 1.3447ppm-1.3804ppm and has a parting example of triplet. A triplet shows that it had 2 contiguous hydrogen iotas accordingly it is identified with CH3. Since the carbon of CH2 is nearer to the oxygen contrasting with CH3 hence it is more de-protected making it be found at a lower attractive field. In conclusion, there were particular pinnacles found in the range for dissolvable in benzocaine and 4-aminobenzoic corrosive. In 4-aminobenzoic corrosive H-NMR, a pinnacle was found at about 2.4630ppm-2.4676ppm and was seen as the dissolvable DMSO. In benzocaine, a singlet top was seen at 7.2626pm and was found as the dis solvable chloroform. In 13Carbon-NMR, the 4-aminobenzoic corrosive range has 5 pinnacles speaking to 5 particular carbon environments and benzocaine has 7 pinnacles speaking to 7 unmistakable carbon climates. The pinnacles are at about 165ppm-168ppm for the two atoms speaks to the event of the carbonyl gathering (C=O). Besides, the solvents were seen on the two ranges. One of 4-aminobenzoic acid’s tops was at 40.1326ppm which speaks to DMSO, and benzocaine’s top was at 77.1052 which speak to Chloroform. In the DEPT-135 NMR (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer), it just epitomizes the event between three sorts of carbon gatherings, (- CH), (- CH2) and (- CH3). (- CH) and (- CH3) carbons are recognized through the positive pinnacles while (- CH2) is distinguished through the negative tops on the range. By taking a gander at the 4-aminobenzoic corrosive range, there are two positive pinnacles speaking to those are either (- CH) or (- CH3) carbon gatherings. In the benzocaine range, the event of (- CH) and (- CH3) carbon bunches was recognized by means of the positive pinnacles. Anyway a negative pinnacle was likewise distinguished speaking to a (- CH2) carbon bunch has happened in the range. The Infrared spectroscopy is helpful for investigating the event of various utilitarian gatherings of the synthetic structures, for example, benzocaine and isopropyl 4-aminobenzoate. By investigating the two items, ingestion tops at about 3361cm-1-3457cm-1 on the range were seen at the two items. It was viewed as that the event of the amine gathering (N-H) was situated at the area. Moreover taking a gander at the structures of the two items, the amine bunch was associated with carbon with the tops at about 1308.72cm-1-1365.61cm-1 of the range, which speaks to a C-N bond found in fragrant amine gatherings. Also, taking a gander at the ingestion tops at about 1441.17cm-1-1441.98cm-1 between the two items, it is considered as the fragrant ring (benzene). Traveling through the benzene ring, the range shows the event of the carbonyl gro

African American History. Heritage Essay

Legacy makes up a huge bit of our History. Join that legacy with race and you have an establishment for setting up various beginnings of races that can follow their initial starting points back to the start of the United States. A goliath blend as it has been portrayed because of the entirety of the movement that happened in the mid nineteenth century. African Americans have built up a huge job in the beginnings and the historical backdrop of the America. Their persistent battle for fairness and rights as American individuals have spread over numerous years. The activities against African Americans quickly following the finish of the common war were not reasonable. This underlying uncalled for treatment started various discussions that all can be followed back to their underlying beginning of reasonable treatment after numerous long stretches of abuse. The Black Codes were built up to confine and control the lives of ex-slaves. (Bowles 2011) That isn't an approach to be conceded opportunity if your life is as yet controlled. Opportunity isn’t opportunity in the event that you are as yet rewarded unreasonably among different races. The thirteenth amendment set up to abrogate subjection in the United States. This was a significant advance to fairness among African Americans. The modern blast in the north started the enthusiasm of many searching for work. The guarantee of a vocation and having the option to accommodate your family drew the consideration of a large number of African Americans. These occupations caused a mass development of African Americans from the south toward the north. This move was the Great Migration. The passage into World War Two brought some exceptional open doors for African Americans. Key segments to the war were the Tuskegee Airmen. Proceeding onward in their battle for equivalent rights and medicines, Rosa Parks persevered and would not surrender her seat on a transport. Seeing the requirement for more activity by the administration, Martin Luther ruler collected a gigantic million man walk into the Nation’s capital. The battle for African Americans has been a long and on occasion hazardous battle. Previous slave proprietors and numerous others in the south didn't wish to relinquish their lifestyle and what they saw as reasonable and equivalent treatment for African Americans. With the assurance, the will to have any kind of effect, and authoritative activities. African Americans have changed the laws and made exceptional strides towards the reasonable and equivalent treatment they were constantly qualified for as any American ought to be. Their relentless quest for change has everlastingly affected history. The deepest desires of opportunity for African Americans were wrecked promptly following the finish of the common war, in light of dark codes and the terrorizing with dread and viciousness from veteran confederates that framed the fear based oppressor bunch called the Ku Klux Klan. As recently liberated slaves, blacks discovered very soon that opportunity was not how they imagined. â€Å"In 1865, southerners made dark code that controlled all parts of black’s lives and prevented newly discovered African Americans from the opportunity that they had won from the common war. † (The Black Codes of the South 1966) Almost all aspects of free slaves life was managed by dark codes even the opportunity to relocate. Blacks couldn't enter certain towns without authorization so any desires for discovering family that were sold during servitude end up being a test. There was likewise vagrancy laws that expressed all freedman were transient on the off chance that they didn't have an occupation or they were destitute. Dark codes made isolation in open offices, conveying any sort of weapons, and to affirm in court against white men unlawful. On the off chance that a dark individual defied these codes and detainment would happen more often than not. This was a retrogressive advance towards balance and opportunity. Dark codes offered a couple of specific rights to blacks. They were given the option to wed, and the option to possess some land. Despite the fact that being a free dark slave during this timespan was a great advance towards a bound together nation, blacks would confront greater difficulties all through the following century. The Thirteenth Amendment was one of the most compelling revisions to have at any point been passed in our nation. The Thirteenth Amendment states, â€Å"Neither bondage nor automatic subjugation, aside from as a discipline for wrongdoing whereof the gathering will have been properly indicted, will exist inside the United States, or wherever subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1) The purpose of the Thirteenth amendment was to abrogate servitude and start the long procedure of just and equivalent rights for every American resident. The death of this alteration shut down bondage and made disturbance the previous slave proprietors in the South. The Southern States that withdrew from the association had to free their slaves and pass the alteration to be permitted once more into the association. The south was then compelled to locate another methods for supporting themselves and working their money crops. With this correction passed, the African Americans were at last free and by far most of slaves the took a shot at manors were gone in light of the fact that they were free. In spite of the fact that prejudice isolation despite everything assumed a significant job in their lives, they were not, at this point compelled to function as slaves. Subjection was not just a type of constrained work. Numerous slaves likewise confronted embarrassment, discipline, and unforgiving lives. They were a few slaves that were treated as they were lower than they creatures they had to think about. The beginnings of subjection and the continuation of slaves well into after the common war were discolor on America. The thirteen change abrogated subjugation, it didn't offer a lot of guideline onto sexual orientation balance. This was positively valid for previous dark female slaves. They were not managed indistinguishable equivalent rights and openings from free previous dark male slaves. â€Å"Female slaves endured exceptional hardships, being abused for both work and propagation. † (Tsesis, A.2012). With the underlying going of the thirteenth amendment, the future street was being cleared for equity among dark both male and female. This alteration would proceed to be confirmed until in the end correspondence was accomplished for the two sexes. The extraordinary relocation covers the development of a huge number of African Americans from the south toward the north because of modern extension. Despite the fact that this isn't the primary extraordinary movement, being there was a huge relocation of African Americans not long after the common war, this relocation had an a lot bigger impact. Populaces of African Americans radically changed as a result of it. Populace assorted variety was set up. During the twentieth century, African-Americans took an interest in one of the most noteworthy segment occasions in U. S. history, â€Å"The Great Migration. † The Great Migration was an enormous development of African Americans from the South toward the North traversing from 1863 to 1960. The biggest development in the relocation happened from 1910 to 1920. (Bowles 2011) The Great Migration was brought about by various reasons that pushed African Americans out of the South, and different odds of chance were pulling them toward the North. The spring on 1916, Six million African-Americans moved toward the North and the West piece of the United States of America. After the Emancipation Proclamation was marked in 1863, under 8 percent of the African-Americans populace lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern piece of the United States. The U. S. Senate had requested an examination concerning it. In 1900, around 90 percent of blacks despite everything lived in Southern states. They additionally moved to Canada so as to keep up place of refuge from enemies of abolitionists. At the point when it was the ideal opportunity for the blacks to move the main transportation for them were trains, vessels, transports, however at times vehicles were utilized for their transportation. The guarantee of good business, food, cash, and a spot to deal with your family drew the consideration of numerous African Americans. The Great Migration made the principal enormous urban dark networks in the North. Alongside enormous measures of blacks moving to these urban areas additionally come issues. Numerous blacks were packed into lodging. On occasion, the inhabitance of the lodging that they lived in surpassed the cutoff points they were intended for. Envision a condo that can suit five individuals easily being push over the cutoff points by having twelve individuals dwell in it. These were ideal conditions for infection, unsanitary conditions, and in some outrageous cases, passing. These homes became to be known as ghettos. Every single beneficial thing must reach a conclusion and numerous blacks understood that because of the mass measure of workers that moved toward the North, a considerable lot of the employments were taken. The south offered crafted by the past, however this time they would be paid for it and not compelled to accomplish the work. â€Å"After the Great Migration, blacks kept on moving looking for open door as some came back toward the South, while others moved to rural areas or better neighborhoods inside the North. †(Stewart E. Tolnay 2003) A significant military achievement is African American history were the Tuskegee Airmen. These courageous pilots were the initial move towards race fairness inside the aeronautics segment of the military. Albeit African Americans had consistently battled in wars, they were not permitted to take part in real elevated battle. The aviators were an import key in shutting the race imbalances inside the military. The Tuskegee aviators have become to be known as the most powerful air unit during world war two. Bigotry was as yet a significant continuous issue well into world war two. Numerous whites didn't care for the possibility of African Americans being permitted to fly planes and battle in aeronautical battle. The Tuskegee Airmen accomplished something beyond that. They turned into the main dark Army Air Corps pilots. Their beginnings began when President Roosevelt had orchestrated a gathering with three African American pioneers of the Army and Navy. They contended that balance should have been steady all through the military, organization should have been reasonable with respect to the progressing draft, and African Americans sho

Jihad- A Misunderstood Phenomenon free essay sample

This paper clarifies that the hostile view with respect to the marvel of Jihad is excessively shallow, erroneous and absurd. This paper clarifies that the adversarial see in regards to the marvel of Jihad is excessively shallow, erroneous and nonsensical. The creator clarifies that these perspectives win rather than the genuine significance of Jihad. Endnotes. The initiation of each and every religion has encountered powers neutralizing its extension. Thus, there have been cases where most significant religions have needed to utilize power so as to endure, win or exist at all so far as that is concerned. We can look into the Christian campaigns or the Samurai atrocities or the Six-day war among Israel and the Arabs or even the kamikaze pilots of the Shinto confidence and the rundown continues forever. In spite of the fact that we can't limit the political and social propensities associated with these wars, anybody with minimal presence of mind can come to the end result that the center premise of these wars was religion. We will compose a custom paper test on Jihad-A Misunderstood Phenomenon or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Islam is no special case in such manner. History, particularly from the western point of view is loaded with the Muslim successes of Spain and India. Islam (at any rate in the west) has been marked as the cutting edge variant of barbarianism. This diminish sightedness is an aftereffect of a few variables beginning from the Muslims themselves and in the end forming into the undeniably well known idea that Islam basically is the Mecca of le diable a quatre. In the event that we investigate the Muslim fighting, single word that surfaces each time is Jihad.

How to Write Essays in Toronto

How to Write Essays in TorontoHave you ever been to a college or university and have seen the long lines of students who are submitting their essays? Or have you ever seen a class full of students sitting and waiting for their turn to write an essay? The expectation of essay writing is not just confined to kids, it really has transcended to adults as well.Article writing is one thing that is not just confined to kids anymore, but has become a part of many careers. For example, when applying for college, getting a degree or even when looking for a job in a particular field, employers usually look for those who have previous work experience and have published an article. So, the content of your articles plays a great role in your career as well. And yet, you might be wondering how you can make it to the top of the rankings and make it into the magazine.One of the great career choices that you have is to go into journalism. As a journalist, you get to write for several different publica tions and make quite a bit of money and really expand your career and the potential for more than one. But for those who want something else from their career, writing for a particular magazine or web site is really the best choice.What makes this a great thing is the fact that it doesn't require much of your time. Writing an essay takes at least three hours of which one hour is writing time. The other two hours are editing time and then you need to send it off to an editor. And if that's the case, most publications won't pay for the article, because they already do everything for you.On the other hand, if you want to submit your own essays, there are many places where you can find them and where you can submit them. One great place is Genre Central. This is a place where they sell original essays for schools and other educational establishments. Since it is online, you can submit your essays on a regular basis and get paid for it.Another great place for essays is the local library. You can find plenty of them and pay your dues, if you feel that you're being cheated. One of the reasons why the libraries are a great place to look for essays is because you can borrow them and even check them out to check your knowledge levels and then check them out again if you need to. Plus, your own essays will make it to the top of the library lists which makes your career grow as well.Essays are written for several reasons, but they aren't the only ones. They are also used to present opinions about many different subjects and topics.Do you have a flair for writing essays? If so, maybe essay writing Toronto will be your next step towards a great career.

Paper Editing Service

Paper Editing ServiceUsing a paper editing service means you get an expert to edit your documents and reports. This is ideal for individuals that are on their own, or are in the position of a smaller business that does not have the time to do all the writing themselves.A paper editing service doesn't need to be your own. In fact, most of them are great at what they do, so they're not going to need to worry about where they get their jobs from. They're going to focus on doing their job for you.Their role is to look at your writing, and then edit it. This is often an important task for those who need to ensure the quality of their work and do not want it to come across as shoddy. You should hire a professional for this task, but don't expect to have all your work done at once.When you hire a paper editing service to do your writing for you, you need to make sure you hire someone that has an extensive experience. Make sure they are always updated on the latest trends in the industry. Th is way, when they go to edit your documents, they can make any suggestions that may be necessary. You should also find out if their editing service takes up different languages or needs to make changes to ensure a better writing style.To make sure a good paper editing service is working for you, make sure they've been in business for a while. They must have a good reputation, and you should be able to find references to their work. This will help you when the writing projects are completed. This can be done by asking them to provide you with samples of their work.Also, they should be able to show that they have their own writing skills. You shouldn't hire someone that is going to do this work for you, just to have someone else do it for them. The reason for this is because you want to be able to trust the end result.If you are a stay at home parent, or do not have a lot of time for your writing, you should consider using a paper editing service. These types of services can save you money, and time. They can help you make sure that you have the best written documents, and that the final work is as professional as it can be.Some of these professional services can even include proofreading. This means they will read over your documents and see if they have errors. They can then edit the documents and make any changes that are necessary to ensure that you have the most professionally written documents possible.

Summer Activity Ideas for High School Students

Here Are Some Summer Plan Suggestions For Students Who Aren’t Sure How to Spend Their Break Summer is right around the corner, and, if they haven’t started already, high school freshmen, sophomores, and juniors need to make plans for how to spend those free months. For many students, summer break is seen as a time to take a break from school and soak up the sun – and that’s okay – but that’s not all they need to do.When evaluating college applications, colleges will look at how students spent their spare time – including their summer. Colleges want to see students continuing their activities into the summer months, or exploring new opportunities that will help them learn more about an area of interest.Summer planning should start at the beginning of the year as many summer programs have early deadlines. However, there are always a few late starters. For those last-minute planners, here are some ideas on how to spend your summer productively.Volunteer. If you look hard enough you’ll find there’s no shortage of volunteer activities in your local community – especially during the summer when kids are out of school and there’s a lot of outdoor activity. Start by checking with your local Boys and Girls Club or other summer or after-school organization. If you have a passion for athletics, see if you can help lead a sports camp. Are you a theater buff? See if you can lead a group of students in putting on a play. Love music? Volunteer to perform a few times a week at a local retirement home. Identify a need in your community and see what you can do to fill the gap with your skills and interests. Take a class. Becoming a specialist in an area of interest usually starts in the classroom. Look into taking a class that aligns with your interests at a local college this summer. Many colleges offer fun, continuing studies courses during the summer that you don’t have to be a full or part-time student to take. No classes of interest at a local school? Then try a MOOC! There’s a plethora of interesting MOOCs out there that can help you learn over the summer and deepen your interest in a particular area.Create your own activity. If you can’t find a program, activity, or other opportunity that piques your interest this summer then create your own! Whether it’s starting a blog on a topic of interest, creating your own club or student organization, or developing a new community service project, the sky is the limit! By creating your own opportunities for a productive summer you’re demonstrating maturity, initiative, and a willingness to go the extra mi le in order to learn more and make an impact in your community.Get a head start on your college applications. The Common Application and some colleges release their essay topics for the next application season before the official Aug. 1 application open date. This provides rising high school juniors with the opportunity to get the bulk of their essay writing done before the school year starts. Use free time this summer to brainstorm essay topics, write and edit first drafts, and get feedback from your parents and peers. Once the school year starts back up, you'll have most of the writing done and will be first to present your counselor with essays, giving you plenty of time to incorporate any suggestions before early deadlines. How do you plan to spend your summer? Do any of these last-minute options appeal to you? Tell us in the comments below!

The Vampire Is An Embodiment Of Society s Deepest Fears

The vampire is an embodiment of society s deepest fears. Throughout literary history, the vampire has always been characterised as a vile figure of pure evil. However the depiction of the vampire is affected by the social, historical and political context of the time. As context shifts, so does the collective fear of society, with the portrayal of the vampire following suit. Dracula, I Am Legend and Twilight, three extremely popular books of vampire fiction created during vastly different periods in history, are representative of this shift. In Dracula, the titular character is depicted as an anti-christ figure by the author, Bram Stoker, who attempts to warn people about the dangers of straying from traditional Christian ideals. I Am Legend, a nineteen-fifties post-apocalyptic novel, emphasises the dangers of a world ravaged by environmental destruction. The wasteland, that was once earth, becomes populated by animalistic, brutal vampires that have been created as a result of an env ironmental plague. Finally, Twilight is a teen-angst novel written by Stephenie Meyer in 2005 and adapted into a movie of the same name in 2008. In a day and age where more people have begun to adopt humanitarian views, society has put a strong emphasis on rehabilitation and redemption. Contrary to this ideology, Edward Cullen, the main vampire, has a deeply ingrained fear that he is beyond saving thus reflecting society s fears that one can inherently be beyond redemption. Dracula embodies

The Atrocities Of The Holocaust - 864 Words

The atrocities of the Holocaust placed the German Jewish population in a quagmire of antisemitic persecution, but it also spread beyond Germany to affect Jews throughout Europe. Poland was such a country. The first nation invaded by Nazi Germany and the last to be liberated, the population of Polish Jews was nearly eradicated. How were the Nazis able to accomplish such a feat in a nation where antisemitism had not been as prevalent? Aside from forcibly introducing antisemitic policy into Poland, the Nazis relied on fear and self-interest to accomplish their goals. For the average Polish Catholic in 1943, a decision had to be made on where they stood regarding the â€Å"Jewish problem†. Should they sit idly by and do nothing, or perhaps even assist in the capture of the Jews? Or maybe they could risk everything by hiding and otherwise aiding the Polish Jews. If I were such a Polish Catholic citizen living in 1943 and the opportunity arose to help a Polish Jew, my conscienc e would prevent me from doing any less. Deciding to aid the Polish Jews is not a decision to be taken lightly. To aid any number of Jews would risk one’s very life. So what would cause an individual to take such a risk and assist the Jews faced with Nazi persecution? Whether I sympathize with the Jews’ religion or not, I would recognize that what the Nazis are doing is atrocious. Only if I were as malicious as the stereotypical Nazi would I think otherwise. I simply could not survive having done nothingShow MoreRelatedAtrocities of the Holocaust Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesinjustice against humanity in history, the Jewish Holocaust is one of the most prominent. From 1933 to 1945, the Nazis waged a vicious war against Jews and other lesser races. This war came to a head with the Final Solution in 1938. 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Her story, told in an innocent perspective, allows individuals to reflectRead MoreGermany s Postwar Silence : The Horrible Atrocities Of The Holocaust1604 Words   |  7 Pages Germany’s Postwar Silence The horrible atrocities of the Holocaust remain an important subject in World history. Although very few people are alive from the Nazi era the horrors of the era still haunt Germany. Should the generations of German people be held collectively responsible for the Nazi crimes? If you were born in 1940 the start of the war, you would be 75 years old today. The younger generation of German’s look at that period of history differently than those alive post war. How theRead MoreBelgian Congo vs. Holocaust1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe atrocities of the Belgian Congo and the Holocaust are two of the main events in history that have been responsible for the mass murdering of millions of people. 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Miller references Susan Suleiman’s argument that the Holocaust is â€Å"only available through representation†. Suleiman made this argument in response to Holocaust deniers who claim that fictitious memoirs confirm the inexistence of the Holocaust. However, the point supports the idea that art, including literature, allows the public to experience something like the Holocaust that otherwise would be not be available to experience. On the other hand, Miller successfullyRead MoreThe Holocaust And Western Imperialism And The Holocaust1271 Words   |  6 Pagessake of being evil. They always justify to themselves in some way that all of their actions are for the greater good and that the actions they have committed are not atrocities. This has to be done since normal individuals cannot justify to themselves that they are immoral. Both western imperialism and the Holocaust had their atrocities justified by the illusion of progress. Even though numerous millions of people were slaughtered in these campaigns, many of the people doing the killing, believed that

The Trail Of Tears By James Collins - 1452 Words

James Collins Donald West History 201 December 1, 2015 TRAIL OF TEARS The trail of tears is also referred to as the period of Indian s removal. It was a period where Native Americans in the U.S were forcefully relocated following the removal of Indian Removal Act of 1830. Those who were forcibly moved were from Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, and Chickasaw and Choctaw nations in the southern U.S, an area initially referred to as the Indian Territory. Migration from Cherokee nation had begun in the early 1800’s where some Cherokee’s decided to move and settle in other parts of the country. A group of Old Settlers had moved there earlier in 1817 voluntarily to lands granted to them in Arkansas where they had a peaceful life. Afterward, they were forced to move into the I Indian Territory (A. Byers 27) Resentment of Cherokee from the whites had been building up ad it became worse after the discovery of gold in northern Georgia. White communities turned against their Cherokee neighbors due to the thirst for expansion and gold. Without consulting or questions asked, the U.S government decided that Cherokee had to be removed, leaving their lands, home and farm. Before their removal, the five groups lived together being referred to as the Five Civilized Groups. The white settlers from the southeast had been pressurizing the U.S government to remove the Native Americans. These settlers were on the Indian lands and wanted more for them. The move was initially opposed by many as it wasShow MoreRelatedHistorical Anyalysis Essay2125 Words   |  9 Pagesbrains behind the declaration of independence, although Ellis depicts him as not knowing much about the present issues of the time. We also learn he is a man of the people who believed in the power of the state, small farming and peoples li berties. James Madison is also noted a lot in this chapter as one of the most famous of the founding fathers and is called The Father of the Constitution. The man was small and shy, but he was brilliant and able to persuade politicians to side with him. The DinnerRead MoreIssues and Trends in the Automotive Industry: Implications for Eastern Ontario14151 Words   |  57 Pagesincreased by similar levels in the 1990s versus the 1980s (25.3 percent vs. 23.0 percent), which normally would have resulted in stable sales at best. But with a strong economy and lower gas prices usage increased by 36.0 percent. The resulting wear and tear on vehicles forced consumers to increase sales by 9.6 percent in the 1990s versus an increase of only 6.9 percent in the 1980s. 18 TABLE 13: VEHICLE SALES, USAGE AND OWNERSHIP - NORTH AMERICA CALENDAR YEAR TOTAL VEHICLES PER VEHICLE DURABILITYRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagessuperior production facilities or a superior product are usually not enough to sustain an advantage over competitors. Physical facilities can be duplicated, cloned, or reverse-engineered and no longer provide a sustainable advantage.2 Strategists James Quinn, Thomas Doorley, and Penny Paquette have argued that â€Å"maintainable advantage usually derives from outstanding depth in selected human skills, logistics capabilities, knowledge bases, or other service strengths that competitors cannot reproduceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUniversity Jann Freed, Central College Crissie Frye, Eastern Michigan University Diane Galbraith, Slippery Rock University Carolyn Gardner, Radford University Janice Gates, Western Illinois University Ellen Kaye Gehrke, Alliant International University James Gelatt, University of Maryland University College Joe Gerard, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee Matthew Giblin, Southern Illinois University Donald Gibson, Fairfield University Cindi Gilliland, The University of Arizona Mary Giovannini, Truman StateRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesBruce C. Hartman, University of Arizona; Richard Irving, York University; Robert T. Jones, DePaul University; Richard L. Luebbe, Miami University of Ohio; William Moylan, Lawrence Technological College of Business; Edward Pascal, University of Ottawa; James H. Patterson, Indiana University; Art Rogers, City University; Christy Strbiak, U.S. Air Force x Preface Academy; David A. Vaughan, City University; and Ronald W. Witzel, Keller Graduate School of Management. Nabil Bedewi, Georgetown University;

Value Chain and Competitive Forces Essay - 1247 Words

Value Chain and Competitive Forces: Effects of Information Technology Module 2 Case John Dow ITM524: Fundamentals of Information Technology Management Dr. Somebody Somebody February 4, 2012 Introduction Businesses are established with the sole reason to provide a product or service to a customer with the intend to make a profit. The amount of time, effort, and resources spend should generate a profit. Then, the profit depends â€Å"on its effectiveness in performing these activities efficiently, so that the amount that the customer is willing to pay of the products exceeds the cost of the activities in the value chain† (NetMBA.com). Ideally, these products and/or†¦show more content†¦(2009). Within technology and the value system, this called for an emphasis on media relations to disseminate information to the local community and its leaders. Solid communication practices, i.e. strategic communications, was of the utmost importance to gain the respect and acceptance of the population. Perhaps by obtaining the acceptance of the local population, Rio Tinto was able to mitigate any threats from new entrants into the market at the specific location as wel l; allowing control of one of the five forces that shape industry competition to remain in check. Finally, helping to form the International Council on Mining and Metals should have allowed them strategic power over existing competitors (another of the 5 forces). Mini Case # 4 – General Electric General Electric’s (GE) challenge was to create a new business in sustainability. GE saw profitable business opportunity in helping companies save energy. To mitigate the ‘Rivalry among Existing Competitors’, GE’s focused on bringing new capacity and was still able to produce pressure on prices; mitigating negative price competition. As Porter mentioned: â€Å"Rivalry is especially destructive to profitability if it gravitates solely to price because price competition transfers profits directly form an industry to its customers.Show MoreRelatedValue Chain And Competitive Forces Models1795 Words   |  8 Pages1. Value Chain and Competitive Forces Models Value Chain Analysis Internal activities of an organization add value to the service and products that the organization produces and should be run at optimum level if the organization is to gain any real competitive advantage. If run efficiently, the value obtained should exceed the costs of running them, as in customers should return to the organization and transact freely and willingly. 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Also, Nike alway tries to develop its product which gives Nike a strong reputation. For this reason it is difficult for competitors excel Nike. The combination of products and services gave Nike a competitive edge over other competitors. Nike launched applications relateRead MoreAnalyze Amazon and Walmart.Com Using the Value Chain and Competitive Forces Models7755 Words   |  32 PagesAnalyze Amazon and Walmart.com using The Value Chain and Competitive forces Models 2.1 Amazon.com 2.1.1 Amazon’s Value Chain Analysis 2.1.1.1 Primary Activities 2.1.1.1.1 Inbound Logistics Amazon has the advantage of avoiding the overhead and carrying large amounts of inventory because it orders the books from the distributors. They provide money and contracts to prospective authors and decide how many copies of a book to print. 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Capital Markets and Market Efficiency Free Essays

Part 1 The Efficient market hypothesis states that all financial markets are efficient in their use of information to determine prices. This means that investors cannot expect to achieve excess profits that are more than the average market profits with similar risk factors, given all available information at the current time of investment, aside from through some form of luck. In part 1 of this report we will discuss the three different forms of market efficiency that Eugene Fama identified in her 1970 report. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Markets and Market Efficiency or any similar topic only for you Order Now These can be explained as follows: 1) Weak form efficiency Fama (1970) observes that a market is efficient in weak form if past returns cannot be used to predict current stock price changes. It also assumes that prices on assets that are traded publicly already have and use all available information on the stock at any moment in time. It therefore stands to reason that the weak form of the market efficiency hypothesis means that past returns on stock are uncorrelated with future returns on the same stock. Future prices cannot be predicted by studying carefully the past prices of the stock. Excess returns cannot be earned over an extended period of time by using investment strategies that are based only upon the historical prices of shares or differing forms of historical analysis. This means that this style of technical analysis will not be able to produce high levels of returns on a consistent basis for investors. Overall one cannot expect future price changes to be predicted by using the past stock prices. Simply put weak form efficiency a ssumes that historical analysis on past stock data is of no use in predicting future price changes on stocks. 2) Semi-strong efficiency The semi-strong market efficiency form progresses from the aforementioned weak form market efficiency by stating that markets can adjust easily and very quickly to new information that is provided about various stocks. Fama (1970: 383) cites semi- strong efficiency as â€Å"whether prices efficiently adjust to other information that is publicly available. e.g. announcements of stock splits, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here it is assumed that asset prices fully reflect all of the publicly available information on the stocks meaning that only those investors who manage to possess additional unique information about the stocks could have an advantage over the market to make large gains. This form also asserts that any price outliers are found quickly and on this basis the stock market manages to adjust. In a semi-strong form efficiency share prices are able to react quickly to new information made available publicly in a quick manner so that no large returns can be gained from using the recent information. This leads us to imply that neither fundamental analysis or technical analysis will be able to produce consistent excess returns. Strong-form efficiency Strong-form efficiency assumes that prices reflect completely any type of new information about the market be that public or private information. Fama (1970: 383) says that strong form tests are concerned with â€Å"whether given investors or groups have monopolistic access to any information relevant for formation†, however Fama claims that the efficient hypothesis model still stands up well. The strong form claims the market price also includes different forms of insider information and not solely public information, and this is how it differs from the semi-strong form. The implications of this is that no one at all can therefore have any kind of advantage over the market in prediction of the stock prices as no possible additional data exists which would provide additional value to any investor. However, if any legal barriers exist which prevents the spread of useful information, such as insider trading laws for example, then this form of market efficiency is not possible. Part 2 The Efficient Markets Hypothesis was introduced by Eugene Fama in 1970. The main idea of the Efficient Market Hypothesis is predominantly that market prices must take into account all available information at any given point. Therefore meaning that no one can outperform the market by using readily available public information aside from through luck. A market is said to be efficient if the price fully reflects information about that market, for example if the price of the stock would be unaffected if all information surrounding it was revealed to all stakeholders in that market. Part two of this report will be critically discussing the evidence for and against the Efficient Market Hypothesis and whether it is possible to exploit market inefficiencies. The implications for investors and companies of the Efficient Markey Hypothesis will also be considered. Arguments For the Efficient Market Hypothesis To begin with following the birth of the efficient market hypothesis the theory was widely accepted, and it was widely assumed that the markets were very efficient in taking this information into account (Malkiel, 2003). It was accepted that when information came to the fore this would spread rapidly and would then be incorporated almost instantaneously into the share prices without hesitation. This meant that technical analysis, study of prior stock prices, nor any analysis of relevent information of a financial sense would lead an investment to achieve more successful returns than holding random stocks which have a comparable risk factor. Dimson and Mussavian (1998) observe that the evidence accumulated during the 1960s and 1970s was consistent with the Efficient Market Hypothesis view. There was a substantial backing for the weak and semi strong Efficient Market Hypothesis forms. Even though more recent times have seen an attack against the Efficient Market Hypothesis, Roll (1994) still observes that it remains incredibly difficult to make a high level of profit on a consistent basis even with the wildest variants of stock market efficiency. These violations of market efficiency are often sporadic events that do not last for a period of time. This can be seen by looking at the fact that on the whole profitable investment successes are referred to on a consistent basis as outliers (Dimson and Mussavian, 1998). Malkiel (2005: 2) says that: the strongest evidence suggesting that markets are generally quite efficient is that professional investors do not beat the market. Indeed, the evidence accumulated over the past 30-plus years makes me more convinced than ever that our stock markets are remarkably efficient at adjusting correctly to new information. This is showing that the markets must be efficient due to the fact that professional investors do not on the whole beat the market, and therefore all available information must be taken into account by the market prices and thus there is no gain to be had by any investors by using past prices, or publicly or privately readily available information. Arguments against the Efficient Market Hypothesis Malkiel (2003: 60) observes that by the beginning of the twenty first century â€Å"the intellectual dominance of the efficient market hypothesis had become far less universal† and academics were starting to question the premise and were not accepting it as they had done previously. Shiller (2003 ; 83) states that, â€Å"[contained in the EMH is] the idea that speculative asset prices such as stock prices always incorporate the best information about fundamental values and that prices change only because of good, sensible information.† However he then moves on to discuss how not all information is sensible and not all actors are rational, this would conflict with the efficient market hypothesis which relies on information having a large impact on the prices of stock. As well as this several recent reports have shown a range of empirical evidence which suggests that stock returns can actually possess components of a predictable nature, therefore also rejecting parts of the efficient market hypothesis which profess that looking at past trends do not allow for excess gains when investing on the stocks against the market. Keim and Stambaugh (1986) state that using forecasts based on a number of factors can find statistically significant predictability in a range of different stock prices. Lo and MacKinlay (1988) reject the random walk hypothesis, which is so often considered with the efficient market hypothesis theory, and show that it is not at all consistent with the stochastic nature of weekly returns. Empirical evidence of return behaviour which has been anomalous in the form of variables such as price to earnings ratio (Fama and French, 1992) has defied any kind of usual rational explanation and has resulted in a great number of researchers cons idering their views and opinions of market efficiency. Evaluation and Implications for Investors In conclusion, it is clear to see that market prices are not always predictable and that the markets have made large errors at certain points in time, for example at the recent dotcom internet bubble. Here it was obviously possible to exploit the market inefficiency to make money for investors. In the short run it may be possible to exploit these sporadic inefficiencies, but in the long term true value will always come to the fore. As long as these markets do exist, due to it being reliant on the judgement of investors, there will occasionally be errors made and some participants In the market are likely to behave in a less than rational manner, as is inherent in human nature. As well as this all information will not necessarily be sensible and investors are not likely to necessarily use it rationally. Thus irregular pricing or predictable patterns on stocks can appear and be exploited from time to time. In terms of the implications for investors in terms of the efficient market hypothesis, it is plain to see that all markets cannot be one hundred percent efficient all of the time or there would not be an incentive for people who are professionals in the field to discover different facets of information that is often quickly reflected by market prices (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980). However, things such as the 1999 dot com bubble are exceptions rather than the rule to providing investors with extraordinary returns on their investments to exploit market inefficiencies. Therefore one could assume that the markets are efficient more often than not, and Fama (1970) is on the whole correct. This could lead to the conclusion in agreeing with Ellis (1998) and the overall idea that active equity management is indeed a ‘loser’s game’. Malkiel (2005) further advises on Ellis’ claim and professes that indexing is likely to produce higher rates of return than active por tfolio management. This is becoming more and more likely to impact investors as markets become more and more efficient, as Toth and Kertesz (2006) show in their examination of an increase in efficiency of the New York stock exchange. Therefore investors are required to question if it is indeed possible or feasible to exploit market inefficiencies using strategies the efficient market hypothesis calls into question. Bibliography Dimson, E. and Mussavian, M. (1998). ‘A Brief History of Market Efficiency’. European Financial Management. 4(1): 91-103. Ellis, C. (1998). Winning the Loser’s Game, McGraw-Hill: New York. Fama. E.G, (1970). ‘Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work’. The Journal of Finance. 25(2): 383-417 Fama, E. and French, K. (1988) ‘Dividend yields and expected stock returns’. Journal of Financial Economics.(22): 3-25. Fama, E. and French, K. (1992). ‘Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds’. Journal of Financial Economics. (33): 3-56. Grossman, S. and J, Stiglitz. (1980). ‘On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets.’ American Economic Review. 70(3). 393-408. Keim and Stambaugh (1986). ‘Predicting returns In the Stock and Bond Markets’. Journal of Financial Economics. 357-290. Lo and MacKinlay. (1988) ‘Stock Market prices do not follow random walks : Evidence from a simple specification test’. Review of Financial Studies. (1): 41-66. Malkiel, B. (2003). ‘The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics Authors’. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1): 59-82 Malkiel, B. (2005). ‘Reflections on the Efficient Market Hypothesis: 30 Years Later’. The Financial Review (40):1-9 Shiller, R. (2003). ‘From Efficient Markets Theory to Behavioral Finance’. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 17(1) : 83-104. Toth, B. and Kertesz, J. (2006). ‘Increasing market efficiency: Evolution of cross-correlations of stock returns’. Physica 360(2): 505–515. How to cite Capital Markets and Market Efficiency, Essay examples

Describe how budgets can be used to set targets to monitor and control an organisation free essay sample

This report is to discuss the ways in which targets can be set to monitor and control the organisation. Financial resources in a business can be obtained internally such as the profits from last year’s sales, or externally such as a bank loan, having management is these areas can ensure the objectives in an organisation are accomplished they can do this through budgets; What is a budget; an estimate of costs, revenues, and resources over a specified period, reflecting a reading of future financial conditions and goals. Sales budget can be used as a starting point of any budget as it projects; the sales of products made by manufacturing business, and services provided by a service of the business therefore the sales budget monitors these aspects. Production budget can be used as a financial plan about the product in service of being manufactured, this budget then can determine an estimate of how many units will need to be manufactured to meet sales objectives and inventory requirements, therefore enabling a company to track costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe how budgets can be used to set targets to monitor and control an organisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Purchases budget determines the amount of money and goods that will need to be purchased to ensure their goals, this is will help the organisation as if too much or too little stock is purchased the company can lose out which in turn helps monitor and control the business effectively. Labour budget determines the direct cost of labour such as wages, salaries, commissions, etc. it also determines the indirect cost of labour such as movement and handling of the product. This is useful for anticipating the number of employees who will be needed to staff the manufacturing area throughout the budget period. This allows management to anticipate hiring needs, as well as when to schedule overtime, and when layoffs are likely. Therefore equating to a more efficient and controlled organisation. Receivables budget determines when you will receive payments from customers made on credit, this is useful as it identifies when you will have funds and you can determine what things you will need to pay and when. Payables budget is the opposite of receivables budget as it identifies what things need to be paid to suppliers, having a payables budget helps achieve an organised business, as you will know exactly what, and when you need to pay to keep the company running and make it profitable. Cash budget determines the cash inflow and outflow, over a specific time period, these cash budgets also determine if there is enough cash to fulfil regular operations and/or whether too much cash is being left in unproductive capacities. These budgets are useful because it can monitor how much credit it can extend to customers before it begins to have liquidity problems therefore producing a more controlled business. When these resources are managed effectively it can improve the business by making sure all areas of the business aren’t losing out and are tracked, to make sure the company doesn’t lose out on sales or buys to many goods, keeping track of employees’ wages and other financial obligations, being able to credit customers and ensure no lose is made and the business doesn’t go into liquidity and help achieve maximum profit within the business. I hope this report has enabled you to understand how budgets can be used to set targets to monitor and control an organisation.

Religion Where Do We Draw The Line Essays - Prayer, School Prayer

Religion: Where Do We Draw The Line? ...Thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men....But thou, when thou prayest, enter into the closet, and when thou has shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret... (Matthew 6:5-6) Pilgrims came to the ?new land? to create a place where people were free to worship and think as they liked, a place where praying is not coerced. They produced the United States of America: ?the land of the free?. With all the hardships suffered to create such freedom the battle for religious liberty is still being fought. Some students wish to pray at graduation exercises or sporting events, but are they being fair to other students who may not want to pray? If this type of prayer were even student led it would be unconstitutional and a clear infringement of our First Amendment. That amendment contains the Establishment Clause which prohibits the government from establishing religion. Simply put, secular institutions like the public schools should not be a forum for religious instruction. ?For more than 200 years we have had more religious liberty in this country than anywhere else?, in fact this nation was built on the grounds of freedom and should remain that way. (http://ccwf.cc .utexas.edu/~ckramer/research2.html, I Want My Freedom!) Do a majority of people support school prayer? Those results depend on exactly how the question is asked. Surveys suggest that most people reject the notion of mandatory prayer, but even if the overwhelming majority thought that prayer was a good idea that does not make the practice constitutional. In the Religious Equality Amendment, students can pray in schools if they choose to do so. They can pray during lunch-breaks, between classes, on the bus to and from the school and during other free time. Some say making school children choose a religion to pray for ? ?would seriously endanger our religious diversity.' ? (http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~ckramer/research2.html, I Want My Freedom!) School prayer advocates know this; but the real purpose of the ? prayer-in-school movement? is to either coerce everyone into joining in prayer or having an official government endorsement of a religion. That is clearly wrong, a violation of the separation of government and religion. Newt Gingrich had a proposal which states: ? ?Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individual or group prayer in public schools or other public institutions. No person shall be required by the United States or by any State to participate in prayer. Neither the United States nor any State shall compose the words of any prayer to be said in public schools.' ? (1996, The American Civil Liberties Union, Constitutional Amendment on School Prayer or Moment of Silence, http://www.aclu.org/library/aaprayer.html) In spite of the caveats in the last two sentences, if adopted the amendment would allow public officials, including teachers, to dictate how, when and where school children and others should pray, thus undermining one of the core values of the First Amendment: the complete freedom of religious conscience through the nonestablishment of religion. The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly said that officially organized prayer is coercive in a school environment, even when designated as voluntary. The mindless notion that serious social problems can be solved by prayer in schoolrooms, instead of by thoughtful analysis and sufficient resources, appeals to no one but the radical religious right. ? ?Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.' With these words, the framers of the Constitution established one of the central principles of American government -- that religious liberty can flourish only when the state leaves religio n alone.? (1996, The American Civil Liberties Union, Constitutional Amendment on School Prayer or Moment of Silence, http://www.aclu.org/library/aaprayer.html) As the Supreme Court ruled in West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette in 1943: One's right to life, liberty, and property, to free speech, a free press, freedom of worship and assembly, and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections. Religion Essays

Fun Essay Topics For Middle School

Fun Essay Topics For Middle SchoolThere are many different fun essay topics for middle school that could be used to boost the grade you have been given. There are a few of these essays and some of them will work for your grade and some won't.If you are looking for a fun essay topic for middle school, then you need to think about something you want to say and how you want to say it. You may want to write an essay on character, ethics, or why bullying is wrong.Character is an important fact for your students to learn. It's not just a story about you, it's a lesson about you and your character. By making this your main subject, you will get an even better grade from the classroom.Ethics is a great subject for high school as well, and it can be fun to talk about what is right and wrong. It can be a lesson that motivates people to do the right thing for their community and yourself.Once again, bullying and religion are two subjects that might interest you to write about, as you and your s tudents are going to debate, and each other's own religious views. It's fun and teaching your kids the difference between right and wrong can be interesting to them. If you write it right, you can get a good grade out of it.You can also add another topic into your middle school essay if you want to, and it can be anything, including a topic that you did in college essays. What is important is that it is something you will enjoy doing. By having a hobby or interest, it will make the grade easier to get and keep it at a good level.If you choose a topic that has something to do with what your students will learn, and you find it fun, you will easily be able to get a great grade. You can choose between just the topic, or have the middle school essay include it too.

How to Get a Pell Grant Apply and Win

How to Get a Pell Grant Apply and Win SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may have heard of Pell Grants, which can be really importantin helping students fund their college educations. Although the Pell sounds enticing, figuring out how to actuallygeta Pell Grantmay be overwhelming. How do you know if you're eligible? Where do you apply? How do you keep track of your application? As it turns out, getting a Pell Grant isn'ttoo difficult if you know where to begin.Follow the steps in this guide to optimize your chances of receiving Pell Grant money. Step 1: Determine Whether You're Eligible to Apply for Federal Aid Because the Pell Grant is a federal student aid program, you need to meet all federal requirements in order to be eligible.The major requirements are that you must: Have a high school diploma or GED Be a citizen or US national Be enrolled, or accepted to enroll, in a school that participates in the Pell Grant program There are other federal requirements that you must meet in order to be eligible, however; you can get more detailed information here. Make sure you have all these requirements locked down before you apply, or else you risk delaying your application. Step 2: Determine Whether You Meet Specific Pell Grant Requirements The Pell Grant is primarily meant to help low-income students pay for college. As a result, most recipients are students who do not already have a bachelor's or vocational degree. Check out our Pell Grant eligibility guide for more information. You also need to meet certain financial requirements to be considered eligible for the Pell, which are addressed in the next section. Step 3: Estimate Your Own Financial Need to Determine Eligibility When you apply for the Pell Grant - which happens when you submit your Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA - the Department of Education will generate a number called the Expected Family Contribution, or EFC. The EFC determines whether you're financially eligible to receive the Pell Grant. For the 2015-2016 academic year, the EFC cutoff is $5081. So, if your EFC is at or below $5081, you will receive some Pell Grant money.You can use your family's financial information (your parents may be able to help with this) to estimate your EFC before you even apply for the Pell Grant. If you aren't feeling up to estimating your Pell Grant by calculating your EFC, you can use these very general guidelines: Most Pell Grant awards are granted to students whose families make less than $30,000 per year 25%-35% of Pell Grant awards are granted to students whose families make between $30,000-$60,000 per year The smaller your EFC, the more Pell Grant money you're likely to receive; you're also likely to get a larger award if you're a full-time student.For the 2013-2014 academic year, the average Pell Grant award was $3541. Gatheringpieces of your family's financial info is an important part of applying for the Pell Grant. This step could be streamlined with the help of a patient parent. Step 4: Apply for Federal Aid via the FAFSA, or Free Application for Federal Student Aid You apply for federal aid by submitting a FAFSA, a form that you have to submit annually if you want to be considered for any aid, including the Pell Grant.If you estimated your EFC and think you'll receive Pell Grant money,you're probably excited to submit the application. But what if youdon'tthink you'll be eligible for the grant? Should you still apply? The short answer is: yes. It's totally free to apply for the Pell Grant, and you may be losing out on valuable aid by skipping on the application.Many states, colleges, and universities also use information generated from the FAFSA to award their own financial aid. It's in your best interest to submit a FAFSA even if you don't think you'll get the Pell. Check out the online version of the FAFSA - it's the fastest way to submit your application. Most students submit their FAFSAs soon after they get their acceptance letters. The federal aid deadline for the 2015-2016 academic year is June 30, 2016, but don't wait that long to submit your FAFSA;you may be missing out on aid opportunities that exhaust quickly if you apply too late. You can get more information about submitting a federal aid application here. Step 5:Manage Your FAFSA After you've submitted your FAFSA, you'll receive what's called a Student Aid Report, or SAR. This official report will have all the information you need about your aid eligibility. The school(s) you listed on your FAFSA will also have access to your SAR. If you submitted your application electronically and don't get a SAR within 3 days, there may have been an error in processing your FAFSA. Fortunately, it's pretty easy to check the status of your application online. Your school will put together a financial aid package based on your SAR. It may include Pell Grant money in addition to other forms of aid, like student loans or work-study. The electronic version of the FAFSA is, as you canimagine, much easier to manage than the paper version What's Next? If you're already looking at how to get a Pell Grant, you may already know about the program; if not, you can read about everything you need to know in our Pell Grant guide. Eligibility requirements for federal aid in particular can be difficult to navigate. If you could use a step-by-step outline for determining Pell Grant eligibility, I have good news for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Chemistry of Fireworks - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Chemistry of Fireworks - Smart Custom Writing Irony and Satire in Jane Austen novelsIrony, satire, and parody are the soul of Jane Austen’s novels because of the humorous aspects of life she presents in her novels. The aspects are visible to good sense in their contemplation of erroneous judgments. Both novels present the reader with a several characters that play different roles in bringing out the aspects of humor and wit in the two novels. It can also be noted that the stories unfold from different angles as the author brings out several vices that are either morally or ethically unaccepted.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irony is the hall mark of her style because this irony is not merely a particular way of saying or creating things (Bhattacharyya 80). Irony in this tale is rather the expression of the infinite within a man who has at once a delicate, sensitive, and subtle perception of the contrasts and contradictions with which human life is filled. On the other hand both novels make use of one common device throughout that is satire. Satire is a literary attitude used to make pleasurable aspects of character vices or weakness. This is done with the purpose of modifying the subject being attacked. Besides this satire utilized in the story confirms how excitement is poked at things that are collectively unacceptable and downplayed, creating an ironic sense of wit. Quintero says that pride and prejudice demonstrated satire when women in her tale were supposedly animated by sentiment (290). According to Quintero the definition of satire as a genre meant to expose vices for the purposes of correction lingers on in this novel (290). In addition Bhattacharyya says that pride and prejudice tale is not laughter provoking but they have a rippling sense of pleasure behind them (80). In this novel satire connotes moral purpose but the author never lashes human follies. Colebrook says that while irony in the pride and prejudice and zombies consequently delimits human life by positing an elevated concept that is not realized, satire examines life and its inherent propensities (108). In this tale Jane Austen (1775-1817) parody is depicted in the way several characters take their local sentiments for universal truths. Colebrook says that â€Å"the author displays the blindness of the characters who believe themselves to be in simple possession of either a moral law or a social code† (108).   While satire brings out individual characters against the morals of parody in this novel is portrayed by the vanities and tendencies of human nature and they also present characters that arrive at fulfillment only through knowing and reflecting upon social nature of man (Colebrook 108). On the other hand Austen shows satire through the art of fiction and recognition through examining the follies of others with a full perception of our own weakness. In this story satire unlike parody assumes the common ground of man and therefore works against the traditional aim of irony and elevated or urbane point of view above and beyond natural life (Colebrook 108). Moreover, Bhattacharyya also indicated that in the story pride and prejudice, irony is a mode of speech in which the implied attitudes or evaluations are opposed to those literally expressed (81). The tale is in many occasions irony is a contrast between reality and illusion. For example Bhattacharyya says that the first sentence of the novel is tinged with irony as the sentence runs â€Å"it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (81). This is not a truth that is universal to every man because the contrast appears to be true in most cases. On the other hand, satire is also demonstrated in the novel since the author does not reveal enough about what Darcy is supposed to be thinking. Walder says that â€Å"in Elizabeth’s crucial conservations with Jane, the antithetical technique, contrasting Elizabeth’s satire with Jane’s candor (231). Satire is depicted in the novel because as a whole intelligence is represented as faulty in the novel. The readers admire Elizabeth’s wit and sharing her lively and satire vision. Walder further says that reformation is not complete until near the end of the novel and everyone notices that the second, less satire and extrovert half of pride and prejudice is less enjoyable than the first.   Bhattacharyya says that â€Å"irony is being used as an instrument of revealing the difference between appearance and reality is always a source of inspiration and amusement† (81). This is depicted when Darcy remarks about Elizabeth that â€Å"she is not handsome enough to tempt me† and soon after gets captivated by a â€Å"pair of fine eyes† of Elizabeth† (Bhattacharyya 81). In addition irony of character is even more prominent in the novel than irony of situation. For example â€Å"Elizabeth prides herself on her perception and disdains Jane’s blindness to the realities is herself quite blinded by her own prejudices† (Bhattacharyya 82) The novel pride and prejudice and zombies it is a complete parody but then it comes out in a complicated form. Austen has mirrored the original work effectively enough so that the flow is fresh and funny.   In addition, Ross says that the novel explores the purpose of parody that ranges from a playful imitation to harsh satire (49). Compared to irony, the author also portrays successful parodies in which the element of celebration is clearly shown. For example in the novel Pride and Prejudice and zombies parody is depicted when Darcy says â€Å"which do you mean? And turning round he looked for a moment at Elizabeth till catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said â€Å"she is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me; I am in no humor at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men† (Austen 13). In this case the style in which parody is been shown is pretentious one because it is deflated by mockery hence its function is challenged so as to renovate and renew it (Ross 49). Like satire, irony in pride and prejudice is clearly depicted when a rich and influential man falls in love with a relatively poor and powerless young woman. It appears as a surprise to Elizabeth that Darcy finds himself in love with her while the author Austen makes it clear how wonderful it is that such a man should fall in love at all (Polhemus 29). In the beginning of the story there is more irony because the match was not very compelling because the reason why he fell in love with Elizabeth and marry her but at the end the match between the two looks perfectly reasonable. Pride and prejudice shows how from historical perspective the association between the sexes where men could seem princes and women scullery maids. The ironic part of the story is depicted on the basis that though Elizabeth comes to love him by the end it is not at all clear that   she ever falls in love with him because in their romance man falls in love with woman and that fall into love is the fortunate fall of Austen’s erotic faith (Polhemus 29). The story further shows the readers that the world is often a sordid, dull, menacing, and disappointing place without love. The irony is that the power of love in pride and prejudice works to generate faith, hope, and charity. Parody on the other hand is depicted when the story explores that Darcy’s love for Elizabeth curbs his arrogance and makes him a kinder and better man (Polhemus 29).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the utmost and most exhibited satires in the story is illustrated through the most humorous man Mr. Collins. Mr. Collins character is rather hilarious in the entire text because of his apparent foolishness and his lack of understanding to his vices. Mr. Collins persistently acquaints himself with people of the superior class than his, for example Lady Catherine and Mr. Darcy who are regarded as high status people. He relates so much with these two people by the means of continued trips to the Rosins estate and Balls. Mr. Collins began to relate himself with Lady Catherine and Mr. Darcy, making himself comes out as higher class individual than he really is. With this phony sense of being Mr. Collins indisputably makes a fool out of himself giving the readers a clear picture of satire (MRU database). Like irony, satire is employed in the entire novel Pride and Prejudice. This is because Austen starts to put across her own dissatisfactions of her own personalities and also reveals her own dilemma with the way in which society was footed upon class during her era. This application of satire becomes supplementary than just a mechanism that conveys humor to the readers. It is also a device that shows the communal issues that were there in Victorian England in Austen’s time making it an essential element to the story. Satire is employed in Pride and Prejudice by the author to show the shortcomings in moralities and ethics of the subjects that Austen criticizes of. Satire is thus used hit at the characters in order to bring new changes. The type of characters she ridicules is ignorant in the author’s context. For example Jane Austen condemns Mr. Collins causing her to bother and satirizes him. Because of staying with Lady Catherine, Mr. Collins has demoralized himself.   This is because he imagines and speaks highly of individual’s superior than himself, such as, Lady Catherine DeBourgh. This is demonstrated when he was invited by Lady Catherine Mr. Collins tells Elizabeth who he was proposing to "Do not make yourself uneasy, my dear cousin, about / your apparel. Lady Catherine is far from requiring that elegance of dress in us which becomes herself and / daughter. I would advise you merely to put on whatever / of your clothes is superior to the rest / ...she likes to have the disti nction of rank preserved" (Austen 137). Austen in both novels illustrates that satire is the lesson while parody is the game. Ross says that parody can never have the force of satire because it seeks to undermine established attitudes in the author’s work (49). Darcy for example shows the original form of parody of the existing social order but it can be seen as an authorized transgression of norms. For example Elizabeth in both novels was displayed as the anti-heroine of romance a parody that accounts for the tough personality of the conqueror and her challenging of modesty by conversation and action (Austen 13). The characters and incidents in the novel pride and prejudice are used to give the audience a taste and critical sense of parody because every incident unfolds in a manner in which it advances the progress of the story (Austen 13). This can be elaborated when â€Å"Darcy walked off, Elizabeth felt her blood turn cold because she had never in her life been so insulted hence the warrior code demanded she av enge her honor† (Austen 13). Bhattacharyya says that it interesting to note how the author deals with parody, satire, and irony in both novels. Bhattacharyya says that â€Å"the readers can notice that the Elizabeth-Darcy story is told with surface romanticism and it contains most of the verbal irony of the novel† (89). On the other hand it is important to note that â€Å"the Wickham-Lydia and Charlotte-Collins episodes are treated romantically with a solid foundation in social realism and with rather sordid and happy implications which in them the functions of parody comes out clearly† (Bhattacharyya 89).   Another example of parody is through Darcy’s realization of his mistake that gradually leads to reconciliation between Jane and Bingley. Besides this we notice that Lydia’s sudden elopement with Wickham leads to the marriage between Elizabeth and Darcy and also Charlotte’s sudden acceptance of Collins’s proposal leads to theirs (Bhattacharyya 89). Parody is demonstrated in the above series of events because one incident leads to the occurrence of another event (marriage) between the characters in the novels. In this context irony is evident. This is because the story becomes uncharacteristically clumsy from this point. This is because irony is illustrated when the reader realizes that the proud man is writing meekly to the girl who has rejected him unconditionally. Bhattacharyya says that satire is demonstrated through the novelistic technique of seduction as a suitable climax which Austen shows a standard chase by an outraged father, a friendly uncle and a now impeccable hero who makes devoted efforts to wed the scheming profligate Wickham to the innocent victim Lydia (90).   In contrast to parody, satire is demonstrated by Austen in pride and prejudice and zombie when Charlotte says â€Å"I wish Jane success with all my heart and if she were married to him tomorrow I should think she had as good chance of happiness as if she were to be studying his character for a twelve month. He further comes out clearly and says that happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance and it is better to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with whom you are to pass your life† (20). Satire in this passage is evident because it appears like he is offering a lesson to Jane of what to do and learn when she enters into marriage. In pride and prejudice as well as pride and prejudice and zombies, Jane Austen has given a multitude of characters that bring out the picture of irony, satire, and parody. This is because according to Bhattacharyya the characters are perfectly discriminated from one another as if they are the most eccentric of human beings (94). There is also a sense of pervasive irony in the characters of Jane Austen’s novel. Bhattacharyya says that â€Å"the irony is betrayed in her portraiture of the characters of Elizabeth, Darcy, Collins, Wickham and others† (95). Irony is the soul of the author’s comic view of life because she recognizes the antithesis in human experience that is the contrast between reality and appearance (Bhattacharyya 95). Satire is illustrated through Collins character who besides being a humorous character. Bhattacharyya says that had it not been for Collins, Elizabeth and Darcy could not have come together as they do in the end (97). This is because it was Collins who first gave the information of engagement of Darcy and Elizabeth. Parody on the other hand is demonstrated through Mrs. Bennet who is seen as a woman of mean understanding because though she has been married for twenty years she is shown as unable to judge her husband (Bhattacharyya 97). Her remarks adds parody to the novel and at the same time she does not see the stupidity of Collins but tries to force her daughter to marry him though without success. In conclusion, the functions of satire, parody and irony in the two novels is evident. These three aspects in the two novels help us to gain a good understanding of the characters. They bring humor to the novels thus the comic characters used by the author are significant in different angles of the novels. They act as a guide and to an extent they portrayed in such a manner as to make satire, parody, and irony in their portraiture not too blatant. Satire, parody, and irony do not just give the picture but lets the reader make his or her own judgment. Works cited Bhattacharyya, Jibhesh. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers Distributors 2005. Grahame-Smith, Seth and Austen, Jane. Pride and prejudice and zombies: the classic Regency Romance. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books 2009. Polhemus, Robert M.   Erotic Faith: Being in Love from Jane Austen to D. H. Lawrence. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 1995. Quintero, Ruben. A companion to satire. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell 2007. Ross, Alison. The language of humour. New York, NY: Routledge 1998. Walder, Dennis. The realist novel. New York, NY: Routledge 1995.

Fascism discussion of this form of government Essay - 1

Fascism discussion of this form of government - Essay Example In the United States, all the political power rest on the people of the country. The people happen to be the only source for the power. The principle of the popular sovereignty is declared in the introduction of the declaration of independence where the people establish the constitution for the United States of America. Government draws the power from the people as the people are sovereign. As a matter of fact, the government can only govern under the consent of the people.Limited GovernmentThe principle of the limited government is to explain that the government is not powerful at all. However the limited government means a lot more to mention that the government can govern what the people would allow to govern. Limited government makes absolutely perfect sense because if the people are sovereign then the government cannot be powerful. The concept of the limited government can be expressed in terms of law also. The government should obey the law. Sometimes it is also referred to as constitutionalism. This refers to the fact that the law is above the government and not around it. Sometimes this is also referred to as the rule of the law (Spulber 305). Separation of powersIn a government that is presidential in nature like the US government, all the power is distributed among the branches which include the executive, judicial and the legislative.   This is also referred to as the separation of the power. The US government is divided into three branches.... Nazi Political theorist Cal Schmitt said that a strong state would always guarantee the totality of the political unity (Griffin 225). However there have been a lot of criticisms of Fascism. One of the most common criticisms happens to be fact that Fascism is actually form of tyranny. Fascism has been always regarded as non democratic. The original version of fascism i.e. the Italian Fascism has often been regarded as the unprincipled opportunism. Fascism has also been criticized for the ideological dishonesty. The American government – Its Principles The constitution is built upon six basic ideologies. Popular Sovereignty In the United States, all the political power rest on the people of the country. The people happen to be the only source for the power. The principle of the popular sovereignty is declared in the introduction of the declaration of independence where the people establish the constitution for the United States of America. Government draws the power from the pe ople as the people are sovereign. As a matter of fact, the government can only govern under the consent of the people. Limited Government The principle of the limited government is to explain that the government is not powerful at all. However the limited government means a lot more to mention that the government can govern what the people would allow to govern. Limited government makes absolutely perfect sense because if the people are sovereign then the government cannot be powerful. The concept of the limited government can be expressed in terms of law also. The government should obey the law. Sometimes it is also referred to as constitutionalism. This refers to the fact that the law is above the government and not around it.